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How does a capacitor work? What does that have to do with electric vehicles? First, let's look at capacitors.

CAPACITOR BASICS

Basically, A capacitor works by storing energy on one plate, then releasing that energy to another plate. This article will outline the operation of the parallel plate capacitor. The discussion is simplified for clarity, and leaves out the Calculus.

Picture two close together metal plates. The distance between the plates may vary from nanometers to centimeters. The plates may be round, square or cylindrical, or other shape.

The medium between the plates can be air, vacuum or some other material. The material between the plates is called the dielectric medium. The amount of charge or Capacitance varies with the distance between the plates, the permittivity of the medium between the plates, and the area of the plates.

Capacitance then increases with plate area and permittivity. It decreases with distance apart of the plates.

The resulting equation is: Capacitance is equal to the permittivity (dielectric) x plate area / distance between the plates.

HOW THEY WORK

When the battery or energy source in the capacitor circuit is switched on, charge starts to build up on the nearest capacitor plate. When the maximum capacitance is reached the plate will not accept any more charge. The charge will be maintained on the plate as long as the power supply is maintained. Once the power is switched off, the charge in the capacitor will begin to discharge its energy to the other plate.

The stored energy will continue to flow across the plates, and on down the circuit to the device needing power.

After the capacitor discharges, it will simply recharge if the switch is opened. This cycle will repeat itself hundreds, thousands or millions of times. That is the great part about capacitors. There are no moving parts. They last a long time.

While capacitors are great at storing and releasing charge on cue, they have a couple of practical limitations. First, they can not store charge for very long, and they have low energy density. They can not hold as much energy as say lithium ion storage batteries. Research is ongoing to improve both limitations.

CAPACITORS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES

So, now you know the basics of how does a capacitor work. How do capacitors help electric vehicles? The main use right now is for braking. Since capacitors can accept energy at a fast rate and batteries take a long time to charge, they are well suited for storing energy normally lost to heat during braking.

Take hybrid vehicles for example. As hybrids brake, their on board alternator can also be used as a generator. As the brakes are applied, the generator kicks in slowing the car and recharging the batteries and capacitors at the same time. Some hybrid taxi drivers for example have reported a lot less brake wear due to the use of regenerative braking. Pure electric vehicles like the new Nissan Leaf also have regenerative braking.

In the future, it appears possible that large capacitors called ultracapacitors or ultracaps could replace batteries altogether. Large ultracaps can be very quickly charged. However, ultracaps today will not hold energy for long, and cannot yet be relied on for long term storage like batteries. Research is ongoing.

Banks of ultracaps have found use in some city buses however. Currently in China, ultracap powered Sinautec buses can travel around 5 miles between charges. The buses connect to overhead power lines at bus stops. Since the bus needs to make passenger stops anyway, as they are stopped, they charge up their capacitor banks.

For more information on capacitors and electric vehicles check http://evsroll.com/Capacitor_Explanation.html

If you want to learn more about Electric Vehicles visit http://evsroll.com to find out why electric vehicles are important, how they have evolved, and where they are today. Take a look at specifications and comparisons of the electric vehicles and hybrids on the market.

Sat Test Preparation: Critical Reading Overview

SAT test preparation involves the right combination of smart work and hard work. In this article on SAT test preparation, we will talk about the most dreaded part of the SAT- Critical Reading. Formerly known as Verbal Section, the critical reading section on the SAT test comprises of sentence completion questions and passage-based reading questions. The SAT Critical Reading section may follow one of the three patterns:

19-Question Critical Reading Section

Questions 1–6     sentence completion

Questions 7–19    reading comprehension (paired long passages)

24-Question Critical Reading Section

Questions 1–8        sentence completion

Questions 9–12      reading comprehension (2 short passages)

Question 13–24      reading comprehension (1 long passage)

24-Question Critical Reading Section

Questions 1–5   sentence completion

Questions 6–9   reading comprehension   (paired short passages)

Questions 10–24  reading comprehension (2 long passages)

Why exactly is the Critical Reading section considered difficult by most SAT takers? The difficult of the Reading section can partly be ascribed to lack of practice on the test taker’s part- most students would not READ articles related to culture, society, history and art; rather they would stick to reading those comic books or other stuff that entertains them. The SAT test takes advantage of this weakness of the test takers.

If you challenge the authenticity of the preceding statement, ask yourself “how many novels have you read in your entire life?” Better, look at the following excerpt taken from a biography of Florence Nightingale:

“The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died - as she nearly did - upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would have come down to us almost as we know it today - that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, she lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingale's own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident - scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. It was the fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended….”

Now try answering the question:

The 'fulcrum' (second last line) refers to her

1. reputation
2. mental energy
3. physical energy
4. overseas contacts
5. commitment to a cause

A SAT test taker, who has been reading topics pertaining to art, sciences, social sciences, humanities and culture (among others) would have less difficulty tackling a passage like this one.

SAT test preparation would help you locate your weaknesses, and walk you through various strategies to tackle the Critical Reading section without falling prey to it. Test preparation under the guidance of an online tutor can make your dream of studying in one of the most renowned colleges, a reality.

About the Author

The Author brings over 6 years of e-learning and online tutoring experience. Having a deep understanding of pedagogy and child psychology, the writer has developed numerous strategies to improve e-learning and online tutoring for Grades K-12 and higher through various techniques that question the conventional ways of instructing.

66 Austin Healey Coil Supply Voltage 6 or 12?

Hello--
I have a 66 AH 3000 that won't turn over. I've tried putting a spark plug next to the engine block to look for a spark. Nada.

History--
I had the generator rebuilt. Car ran after that.
Car sat for a couple months(how do things break when not running?)
Couldn't get the car to turn over.
When I opened up the distributor cap, the wire coming in from the coil had melted through. Bad sign.
Replaced the points, and condensor
Wire still wanted to melt
Replaced the coil
Wire stays cool. Good.
Still, there is no spark. I measured the voltage that's being delivered to the coil. It's 6 volts.
Should this be 12 volts?
What could cause it to be only half?
Yes, when I said turn-over, I really meant catch-on. The starter easily turns the engine.

it should be dropped by a resistor or resistor wire to 6 volts., but during cranking the starter solenoid should jump a 12v wire from it right to the coil side of the resistor or resister wire giving full voltage during cranking and thus giving a better spark.

Dont confuse us, when you say wont turn over, that means the starter is not turning the motor.

Won`t "catch-on" is what you really meant, right?

Oh, is this a "Positive-Ground" model? Some British cars from the `60`s are, Y-know, maybe you forgot when you installed the new coil?

Delaware County gets blown away by summer storm
A severe thunderstorm lashed the county with winds as high as 75 mph Thursday afternoon, wreaking havoc on commuters, power lines and buildings.

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